Madeleine Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality -- Larry Purnell's model for cultural competence -- Josepha Campinha-Bacote's the process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services and biblically based model of cultural competence -- Joyce Newman Giger and Ruth Davidhizar's transcultural assessment model -- Rachel Spector's health traditions model -- Margaret Andrews/Joyceen Boyle transcultural nursing assessment guide for individuals and families -- Discussion across models and future of transcultural nursing.